Expert Articles

ApoB:30-40 mg/dL (ceiling 60 mg/dL), HbA1c:<5.5%

Fasting Glucose:<85 mg/dL, Fasting Insulin:2-5 mIU/dL, HbA1c:<5.5%

Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio:<3.5, HDL:>60 mg/dL

HbA1c:4.6-5.3%, Uric Acid:<7-8 mg/dL

Morning Cortisol:14-18 μg/dL, DHEA:supports testosterone production

Custom ranges based on individual baselines and symptoms

Vitamin D:40-60 ng/mL

Omega-3 Index:>8%, Vitamin D:40-60 ng/mL

Homocysteine:<7 μmol/L (optimal), <10.5 μmol/L (acceptable)

hs-CRP:<0.5 mg/L (optimal), <1 mg/L (low risk)

GGT:<18 U/L (men), <9 U/L (women), AST:<35 U/L, ALT:<33 U/L (men), <25 U/L (women)

TSH:0.5-2.5 mIU/L (optimal vs 0.45-4.12 standard)

TSH:0.5-2.5 mIU/L, 60-80th percentile associated with lowest mortality

Men:>600 ng/dL for lower mortality risk, Women:10-55 ng/dL (premenopausal)

ALT:19-25 U/L (women), 29-33 U/L (men), AST:<35 U/L

ApoB:<60 mg/dL, VO2 Max:maximize for age, HbA1c:<5.5%

Top 1% results across multiple biomarkers, Biological age:0.64 speed of aging

Multi-marker approach for comprehensive longevity assessment

Emphasis on early intervention before diabetes develops

hs-CRP:<1 mg/L, Homocysteine:5-7.2 μmol/L, Ferritin:context-dependent

hs-CRP:<0.55 mg/L (men), <1 mg/L (women)

Fasting glucose:<80 mg/dL, Never above 110-120 mg/dL post-meal

Tighter ranges than conventional labs for early dysfunction detection

Fasting insulin:<10 mIU/dL, optimal:2-5 mIU/dL

Natural optimization targeting >600 ng/dL for men

Top quartile for age associated with 5x lower mortality risk

Neutrophils:40-60% (1500-8000/µL), Lymphocytes:20-40% (1000-4000/µL), Monocytes:2-8%, Eosinophils:1-4%, Basophils:0.5-1%

Band cells indicate shift to left;bacterial infections raise neutrophils;viral infections raise lymphocytes

Protein:<150 mg/24h normal;pH:4.5-8.0;Specific Gravity:1.005-1.030

Hyaline casts:normal finding;RBC casts:glomerulonephritis;WBC casts:pyelonephritis

Calcium oxalate:most common;uric acid:acidic urine;struvite:UTI with urease-producing bacteria

<1:NAFLD without fibrosis;~1:cirrhosis/fibrosis;≥2:alcoholic liver disease

Ratio >2 in 70% of alcoholic liver disease;ratio rises as NAFLD progresses to cirrhosis

Normal:10:1 to 20:1;>20:1 with normal creatinine:dehydration;>20:1 with high creatinine:prerenal azotemia

Normal:200-285 µmol/L;reflects 2-3 week glucose average;use when HbA1c unreliable

Elevated in high bone turnover states;20% decrease on treatment indicates response

CTx and P1NP are preferred markers;serial measurements should use same assay

Normal:4-12 mmol/L;high gap:DKA, lactic acidosis, toxins;albumin correction required

Delta-delta ratio 1-2:pure HAGMA;<1:concurrent non-gap acidosis;>2:concurrent metabolic alkalosis

Normal varies by lab;≥3x upper limit:acute pancreatitis likely;does not predict severity

Rises 4-8 hours after pancreatitis onset;peaks at 24 hours;normalizes in 8-14 days

Total protein:6.0-8.3 g/dL;A/G ratio:>1 normal;<1 may indicate liver disease or inflammation

WBC:4500-11000/µL;Hemoglobin:12-16 g/dL (women), 13-18 g/dL (men);MCV:80-100 fL

Mentzer index (MCV/RBC):>13 suggests iron deficiency;<13 suggests thalassemia

Normal MPV:7-9 fL;high MPV with low platelets:destruction;low MPV:production problem

High MPV linked to platelet reactivity and cardiovascular risk

LE + Nitrite positive:85% PPV for UTI;both negative:92% NPV

Nitrite:95% specificity but 48% sensitivity for UTI

NLR ≥4.10:34% 2-year mortality vs 10% in lowest quartile

NLR integrates innate and adaptive immunity;cheap, fast, widely available

No CAD:PLR ~98;moderate CAD:PLR ~120;severe CAD:PLR ~147

RA patients:PLR >137;healthy controls:PLR <134

Total/HDL ratio:ideal <3.5;LDL/HDL ratio:ideal <2.5

LDL/HDL >5:6x coronary event rate vs <5

Normal:20-35 mg/dL;Wilson disease:usually <10 mg/dL

<5 mg/dL highly suggestive of Wilson disease regardless of symptoms

Normal:255-450 µg/dL;high UIBC:iron deficiency;low UIBC:iron overload

TIBC=UIBC + Serum Iron;transferrin normally 1/3 saturated

tTG-IgA:93% positive in celiac;96% negative in healthy;must be eating gluten

tTG-IgA sensitivity ~95%, specificity ~99%;check total IgA first

Potassium:3.5-5.0 mEq/L;Calcium:8.5-10.5 mg/dL;Magnesium:1.7-2.2 mg/dL

Normal:1.7-2.2 mg/dL;optimal for longevity:upper half of range

Normal:60-120 µg/dL;functional optimal:90-120 µg/dL

Normal PTH:15-65 pg/mL;interpret with calcium levels

Normal:200-900 pg/mL;functional deficiency may occur at <400 pg/mL

Normal:>3 ng/mL;optimal:10-20 ng/mL;RBC folate more accurate than serum

Sufficiency:30-100 ng/mL;optimal for longevity:40-60 ng/mL

Normal:44-147 U/L;elevated in liver disease, bone disorders, pregnancy

Total:0.1-1.2 mg/dL;mild elevation (1-2x) may be protective (Gilbert syndrome)

Normal:0-45 U/L;optimal:<20 U/L;elevated with metabolic syndrome

TSH:0.4-4.0 mIU/L (standard);0.5-2.5 mIU/L (optimal)

TPO:<35 IU/mL normal;elevated indicates autoimmune thyroiditis

FTI=T4 × T3 Uptake;estimates free T4 when binding proteins abnormal

Urinary iodine 100-199 µg/L indicates adequate intake;deficiency impairs thyroid function

Optimal:70-150 ng/mL;supports T4 to T3 conversion;may reduce TPO antibodies

FSH:varies by cycle phase;elevated (>25) indicates perimenopause

Normal:1.0-3.5 ng/mL;<1.0 suggests diminished ovarian reserve

Normal:2-29 ng/mL (women);elevated may indicate pituitary adenoma

Age-dependent;declines 2-3% per year after age 25;supports hormone production

Men:10-57 nmol/L;Women:18-144 nmol/L;low SHBG linked to insulin resistance

Optimal range varies;precursor to DHEA, progesterone, cortisol, testosterone

Total PSA <4 ng/mL generally normal;Free PSA >25% suggests benign disease

Normal fasting:0.5-2.0 ng/mL;helps distinguish Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes

Normal:3.5-7.2 mg/dL (men);optimal:<6 mg/dL;elevated linked to metabolic syndrome

HOMA-IR=(Glucose × Insulin) / 405;<1.0 optimal;>2.5 indicates insulin resistance

≥90:normal;60-89:mild decrease;<60:chronic kidney disease

Normal:0-22 mm/hr (men), 0-29 mm/hr (women);elevated in infection, autoimmune, cancer

<1 mg/L:low risk;1-3 mg/L:moderate;>3 mg/L:high cardiovascular risk

LDL-P <1000 nmol/L optimal;small dense LDL more atherogenic

ApoB/ApoA1 ratio:<0.8 optimal;ApoB <80 mg/dL (lower better)

<30 mg/dL (or <75 nmol/L) desirable;genetically determined;elevated increases CVD risk

<200 ng/mL:low risk;>200 ng/mL:increased risk of coronary events and stroke

<60 U/L optimal;elevated indicates active atherosclerotic process

<6.2 µmol/L:low risk;elevated from carnitine/choline metabolism by gut bacteria

Age-dependent ranges;too high or too low linked to mortality;optimal mid-range

Higher levels associated with lower cardiovascular risk and better insulin sensitivity

Higher levels in obesity indicate leptin resistance;context-dependent interpretation

≥8%:optimal cardioprotective;4-8%:intermediate;<4%:high risk

Ideal ratio:1:1 to 4:1;Western diet often 15:1 or higher

DPA intermediate between EPA and DHA;may have unique anti-inflammatory properties

Normal:30-200 U/L;elevated after intense exercise, muscle injury, or myocardial infarction

Normal:140-280 U/L;elevated in hemolysis, liver disease, malignancy, tissue damage

Lead:<5 µg/dL (CDC threshold);Mercury:<10 µg/L blood;lower is better

E4 allele increases Alzheimer's and CVD risk;E2 may be protective

MCV:80-100 fL;MCH:27-33 pg;MCHC:32-36 g/dL;helps classify anemia type

Normal:0.5-2.5%;elevated indicates bone marrow response to anemia or blood loss

Normally near zero;elevation (left shift) indicates acute infection or inflammation

Negative:<1:40;positive requires pattern and titer interpretation;not diagnostic alone

Negative:<14 IU/mL;positive in 70-80% of RA but not specific

Used primarily for monitoring, not screening;elevated levels warrant investigation

Detects cancer signal from 50+ cancer types;FDA breakthrough device designation

Crystal type helps diagnose stone composition and metabolic disorders

Squamous cells >15:contamination;transitional cells:bladder origin;yeast suggests candida

Positive suggests hyperglycemia or rare disorders like galactosemia

Normally absent in adults;presence indicates marrow stress, hypoxia, or hematologic disease

Present in viral infections (mono, CMV);also drug reactions and autoimmune conditions

FAI=(Testosterone/SHBG) × 100;elevated in PCOS;helps assess androgen status

Lower is better;elevated ratio predicts metabolic syndrome and NAFLD

Large HDL more cardioprotective;small HDL may indicate metabolic dysfunction

Pattern A (large, buoyant) lower risk;Pattern B (small, dense) higher risk

Higher ratio indicates greater inflammation;predicts cardiovascular events

SII=(Platelets × Neutrophils) / Lymphocytes;elevated predicts worse outcomes in cancer and CVD

Optimal ratio 15-20:1;low ratio may cause symptoms despite normal testosterone

Elite:>55 (men), >45 (women);top quartile for age associated with 5x lower mortality

Higher HRV indicates better autonomic function;RHR 60-80 bpm typical

Normal:60-100 bpm;athletes:40-60 bpm;lower generally indicates better fitness

Normal:>12 bpm drop at 1 min;<12 bpm associated with increased mortality

Optimal:<120/<80 mmHg;pulse pressure:40-60 mmHg

Adults need 7-9 hrs;deep sleep:15-20%;REM:20-25%;light:50-60%

Efficiency >85%;latency <20 min;consistency within 30 min of same bedtime

Sleep:12-20 breaths/min;elevated may indicate illness or overtraining

Normal:95-100%;<90% indicates hypoxemia requiring evaluation

Deviations from baseline may indicate illness onset or menstrual cycle phase

Men:10-20% essential;Women:18-28% essential;athletes typically lower

BMD T-score >-1:normal;VAT <100 cm² optimal;A/G ratio <1.0 healthier

Men:>40 kg;Women:>25 kg;strong predictor of healthy aging

Elite athletes >60 cm (men), >45 cm (women);correlates with overall physical function

≥7000-8000 steps/day associated with mortality benefit;diminishing returns above 10000

Fasting:72-85 mg/dL;peak <140;TIR >90%;low variability preferred